A Catastrophic Missing Link Problem

A Catastrophic Missing Link Problem 

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI 

Biblical Authority Ministries, September 15, 2025 (Donate) 

The news is full of alleged missing links between dinosaurs and birds like Archaeopteryx or Sinosauropteryx; or between man and ape-like creatures such as Lucy (australopithecine afarensis). Any time I read of a claimed transition between one kind of something to another kind of something, I love to see what sedimentary rock layer it was found in.

Archaeopteryx with fossils; Requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

Most of the time, secular reports give an “age”, not a rock layer.  An “age” is an interpretation of a rock layer—keep that in mind. An age is not a measured quantity but an interpreted one.  

And how is it interpreted? It is interpreted by the secular side in light of millions of years being an absolute fact that cannot be questioned. So, sometimes you have to do some searching to find out what rock layer the fossil find was found in. 

Sometimes you can do some “reverse engineering” and take the age and back translate it to what rock layer it was found in. For example, if someone says the fossil was “73 million years old”, then this would be Cretaceous rock. See the chart below so you can reverse engineer these alleged ages to a rock layer. 

Duration of Time for Rock Layers by Secular Dating; Illustration in original publication 

These rock layers are real layers; it is the assignment of time to them that is rather questionable and arbitrary in the secular worldview. The majority of rock layers that contain fossils are sedimentary rock layers from the Flood of Noah’s day about 4,350 years ago (by adding up genealogies from the Flood to Christ it is about 2,350 years and Christ lived about 2,000 years ago). Of course, there are rock layers that have formed since the Flood, with local floods, volcanoes, and so on.  But most of the layers in question formed in the Flood. 

Now why is this important? It obviously deals with the time issue in regards to the rock layers. But it is more than that. When some says they found a missing link in the rock layers, it is typically sitting in Flood rock or post-Flood rock. See the chart below.[1] 

Rock layers in light of Noah’s Flood; Illustration in original publication 

For example, Archaeopteryx and Sinosauropteryx, are found in rock layers associated with the Flood. So how old are they? They are about 4,350 years old. 

Dinosaurs are also found in rock layers from the Flood, putting them around 4,350 years old too. Did one turn into the other during the Flood? Not at all. They were fleeing from, and finally buried and fossilized in, the same Flood. In other words, they coexisted and died at the same time. 

Besides, birds (made on Day 5) were created before dinosaurs (made on Day 6, being land animals). So, birds were around prior to dinosaurs and did not need to evolve from dinosaurs. 

This is like someone arguing that the laptop computer evolved into the first airplane.  This is clearly fallacious since airplanes were already around prior to laptop computers! 

Lucy (Australopithecine Afarensis) with fossils; Requested by Bodie Hodge (ChatGPT)

Furthermore, consider that Lucy and other australopithecines are found in rock layers often associated with post-Flood rock (e.g., volcanic layers as animals and people spread out after the Flood). How could Lucy, or any other post-Flood ape-like creature be the ancestor to humans (or a close relation to the ancestor of humans) when humans, like Adam through Noah, already existed? 

As Christians, we need to start thinking biblically. Alleged missing link fossils are found in rock layers that were from the Flood or afterwards, which is well after people and animals in question already existed. 

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Bodie Hodge, Ken Ham's son in law, has been an apologist since 1998 helping out in various churches and running an apologetics website. He spent 21 years working at Answers in Genesis as a speaker, writer, and researcher as well as a founding news anchor for Answers News. He was also head of the Oversight Council.   

Bodie launched Biblical Authority Ministries in 2015 as a personal website and it was organized officially in 2025 as a 501(c)(3). He has spoken on multiple continents and hosts of US states in churches, colleges, and universities. He is married with four children.  

Originally at Answers in Genesis; Edited; Republished by permission. 

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[1] I understand that creationists debate over the exact placement of the post-Flood boundary being at or near  the K/T boundary (lower) to the higher end of Tertiary sediments (upper), but this graph is for the purpose of relaying the idea of the fossiliferous rock layers being primarily a result of the Flood and post-Flood events, of which, both sides should agree. 

Is Science Secular?

 Is Science Secular?

Bodie Hodge, M.Sc., B.Sc., PEI

Biblical Authority Ministries, April 16, 2025 (Donate)

Many people today insist that science can only be done by people who have a secular worldview—or at least by those who are willing to leave their religious views at the door as they enter the science lab. Several popular atheists and evolutionists have contended that people who reject the big bang and the evolution of living things are so backward that they cannot even be involved in developing new technologies.[1]

But is this really the case? Or are these opponents of a biblical worldview simply making assertions that cannot be supported with facts and substantial arguments, having an incorrect understanding of true science?

A friend of the ministry was  challenged by the comment that science can only be done through a purely secular, evolutionary framework. Such statements are blatantly absurd and are a type of arbitrary fallacy called an “ignorant conjecture.” In other words, these people simply do not know the past, nor are they familiar with what science really is. 

Image from Presentation Library

Examples of Scientists Operating from a Christian Worldview

If science is a strictly secular endeavor without any need for a biblical worldview, then why were most fields of science developed by Bible-believing Christians? For example, consider Isaac Newton, Gregor Mendel, Louis Pasteur, Johann Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Robert Boyle, Blaise Pascal, Michael Faraday, James Joule, Joseph Lister, and James Clerk Maxwell. Were these “greats” of science not doing science? Francis Bacon developed the scientific method, and he was a young-earth creationist and devout Christian.

Even in modern times, the inventor of the MRI scanning machine, Dr. Raymond Damadian, is a Christian working with Christian principles. The founder of catastrophic plate tectonics, Dr. John Baumgardner, is also a devout Christian. And those who recently founded the scientific field of baraminology are also Christians. Also, I (Bodie Hodge) developed a new method for production of submicron titanium diboride for the materials science and ceramics industry. 

Professor Stuart Burgess developed a new mechanism for the two-billion-dollar European (ESA) satellite Envisat. Dr. John Sanford developed the gene gun. And let’s not forget Werner von Braun, the young-earth Christian who was the founder of rocket science and led the US to the moon. These are but a few examples of people who held to a biblical worldview and were quite capable as scientists and inventors of new technologies.

The Foundation for Science Is Biblical Christianity

Furthermore, science comes out of a Christian worldview. Only the God described in the Bible can account for a logical and orderly universe. God upholds the universe in a particular way, such that we can study it by observational and repeatable experimentation (see Genesis 8:22). Because God upholds the universe in a consistent manner, we have a valid reason to expect that we can study the world we live in and describe the laws that God uses to sustain the universe (Colossians 1:17).

In the secular view, where all matter originated by chance from nothing, there is no ultimate cause or reason for anything that happens, and explanations are constantly changing, so there is no basis for science. Though many non-Christians do science, like inventing new technologies or improving medical science, they are doing it in a manner that is inconsistent with their professed worldview. On what basis should we expect a universe that came from nothing and for no reason to act in a predictable and consistent manner? When non-Christians do real science by observable and repeatable experimentation, they are actually assuming a biblical worldview, even if they do not realize it.

It makes sense why “science” in the US is losing out to other nations since our science education system now limits science in the classroom exclusively to the religion of secular humanism (and its subtle variations).

It Is Not “Science vs. Religion”

So, the debate is not “science versus religion.” It is really “religion versus religion.” Sadly, science is caught up in the middle.

The battle is between the religion of secular humanism (with its variant forms like agnosticism, atheism, and the like), which is usually called secularism or humanism for short, and Christianity. They both have religious documents (e.g., the Humanist Manifestos I, II, and III for humanists, and the Bible for Christians); both are recognized religions by the Supreme Court;[2] and both receive the same 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status. Both have different views of origins.

Humanism has astronomical evolution (big bang), geological evolution (millions of years of slow gradual changes), chemical evolution (life came from non-life) and biological evolution (original, single-celled life evolved into all life forms we have today over billions of years) in its view of origins. In other words, evolution (as a whole) is a tenet of the dogma of the religion of humanism in the same way as biblical creation (as a whole, with six-day Creation, the Fall, global Flood, and the Tower of Babel) is a tenet of the dogma of Christianity. It is a battle between two different religions.

In recent times, the state and federal governments kicked Christianity out of the classroom, thinking they kicked religion out; but instead, they just replaced Christianity with a godless religion of humanism. This was done as an attack designed by humanists.

An Evolutionary Worldview Equals Science?

There is a misconception that this evolutionary subset of humanism is science. Science means knowledge and scientific methodology that is based on the scientific method (observable and repeatable experimentation). However, evolution (whether chemical, biological, astronomical, or geological) is far from scientific. Consider the following facts:

1. No one has been able to observe or repeat the making of life from non-life (matter giving rise to life or chemical evolution).
2. No one has been able to observe or repeat the changing of a single-celled life-form like an amoeba into a cow or goat over billions of years (biological evolution).
3. No one has been able to observe or repeat the big bang (astronomical evolution).
4. No one has observed millions of years of time progressing in geological layers (geological evolution).

The reason some people are confused about the religion of humanism—and specifically its subset of evolution—as being science is a bait-and-switch fallacy. Let me explain. One of the key components of humanism is naturalism. Basically, it assumes a priori there is nothing supernatural and no God. In other words, nature (i.e., matter) is all that exists in their religion (only the physical world).

As a clarifying note, Christians also believe in the natural realm; but unlike the naturalist or humanist, we believe in the supernatural realm, too (i.e., the spiritual, abstract, conceptual, and immaterial realm). Logic, truth, integrity, concepts, thought, God, etc., are not material and have no mass. So those holding to naturalism as a worldview must reject logic, truth, and all immaterial concepts if they wish to be consistent since these are not material or physical parts of nature.

This is very important because naturalism or natural science has been added as one of the dictionary definitions of science. For example, it was not found in the 1828 Webster’s dictionary, but it was added in one form in the 1913 edition. And, interestingly, they removed the definition that “the science of God must be perfect” in the 1913 edition.

So, although many appeal to observable and repeatable science through methodology to understand how the universe operates, another definition has been added to muddle this.[3] Science is now defined as “knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method.”[4]

For example, evolutionists have continued to popularize Darwin’s scientific observation of the changes in beaks of Galapagos finches as proof for the evolution of one animal kind into another. This is a great example of the bait-and-switch fallacy where scientists present real scientific evidence (the difference in finch beaks) but stretch the truth to say it gives validity to the mythology of microbes to man evolution (the “switch” part of the fallacy). This trick leads many to believe that evolution is real science. The only real science in this example is the observation of the difference in finch beaks.

People are baited with this good methodology of observational science (again developed by a Christian named Francis Bacon), and then they are told that evolution is science while subtly appealing to another added definition: that of “natural science” or “naturalism.”

This is like saying another definition of science is “Nazism.” Then Nazis could say they are “scientists” and get into a classroom! This is what has happened with humanism. The religion of humanism (with its founding principle of naturalism) has been disguised as science by adding another definition to the word science. But it is not the good science we think of that makes computers, space shuttles, and cars. It is a religion. To call evolution science is a bait-and-switch tactic.

Science and processes that supposedly take millions of years

Many processes that evolutionists profess takes millions of years do not. Using science in the present, we observe that processes that we have often been indoctrinated to believe requires millions of years really don’t. Consider this list: 

Evidence	Time to form (observed)	Scientific evidence for millions of years
Diamonds (vapor deposition)	A few days[5]	No
Diamonds (pressure and temperature method)	3-4 days[6]	No
Diamonds (from loved ones and pets ashes)	Three months[7]	No
Coal	Months[8]	No
Oil from Sewage	Days[9]	No
Oil from Animal waste	Days[10]	No
Oil from Brown Coal	2-5 Days[11]	No
Oil from Algae	30 minutes[12] - 60 minutes[13]	No
Petrified Wood (heat and chemical method)	Days[14]	No
Petrified Wood (chemical method)	Hours[15]	No
Petrified Wood (natural elements)	Less than 360 years[16]	No
Opals	Weeks[17]	No
Gemstones (volcanic origin)	Upon eruption[18]	No
Gemstones (lab origins, synthetic)	Days[19] with Flame Fusion, Melt Process, Solution Process	No
Fossils	Less than 24 hours[20]	No
Stalactites	Days[21], less than 100 years[22]	No
Stalagmites	In one summer[23]	No
Rock	Less than 150 years, Bell encased in rock[24] Less than 125 years, Tawawera Items[25] Less than 50 years, Petrified Hat[26] 3 months, Yorkshire Bears[27] Hours, Concrete (observed)	No
Rock layers (Catastrophes)	Hours, Mt. St. Helens[28]	No
Rock layer lamina (lab; Air + Water)	Almost immediately[29]	No
Canyons	Days, Canyon Lake Gorge[30] Days, Little Grand Canyon[31] Six days, Burlingame Canyon[32] Georgia’s Little Grand Canyon[33]	No

 

So, Is Science Strictly Secular?

No. In summary, science can never be strictly secular for these reasons:

1. Science is based on observable and repeatable experimentation that only makes sense in a biblical worldview where God’s power keeps the laws of nature consistent. In other words, science proceeds from a biblical worldview.
2. Secular humanism, with its subset of evolution, is in reality a religion and not science.
3. Many of the greatest scientists were Bible-believing Christians whose biblical worldview motivated their scientific studies, showing that a strictly secular view is not necessary for performing science.

Image from Presentation Library

Where Humanism Leads

Christians will continue to conduct scientific inquiry and invent things, processes, and science fields as we always have. If the US and other places neglect our accomplishments and inventions and continue to push the religion of humanism on unsuspecting kids in the classroom (usually unbeknownst to most) by limiting its definition of science to the humanistic worldview, then my humble suggestion is that they will continue down the same road humanism leads. That is, people who are consistent in their naturalistic worldview shouldn’t care about true science or the world, since nothing ultimately matters in that worldview.

 

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[1] As an example of this dismissive attitude, Eugenie Scott (formerly) of the National Center for Science Education (NCSE), a leading religious humanist, says, “Like other pseudosciences, ‘creation science’ seeks support and adherents by claiming the mantle of science.” http://ncse.com/rncse/23/1/my-favorite-pseudoscience.

[2] US Supreme Court, Torcaso v. Watkins.

[3] There is also the issue of operational science versus historical science. For more see: http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/ee/what-is-science.

[4] Merriam-Webster Online, s.v. “science,” accessed March 8, 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science.

[5] Greg Hunter and Andrew Paparella, “Lab-Made Diamonds Just Like Natural Ones,” September 9, 2015, ABC News Internet Ventures, produced for Good Morning America, http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=124787.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Rae Ellen Bichell, “From Ashes To Ashes To Diamonds: A Way To Treasure The Dead,” NPR, January 19, 2014, http://www.npr.org/2014/01/19/263128098/swiss-company-compresses-cremation-ashes-into-diamonds.

[8] R. Hayatsu, R.L. McBeth, R.G. Scott, R.E. Botto, R.E. Winans, Organic Geochemistry, vol. 6 (1984), p. 463–471.

[9] Australian Stock Exchange Release, Environmental Solutions International Ltd, Osborne Park, Western Australia, Oct. 25, 1996. Media Statement, Minister for Water Resources, Western Australia, October 25, 1996.

[10] Dr. Andrew Snelling, “The Origin of Oil,” Answers 2, no. 1, p. 74–77, http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n1/origin-of-oil.

[11] Ibid.

[12] Christopher Helman, Green Oil: Scientists Turn Algae Into Petroleum In 30 Minutes, Forbes.com, 12/23/2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/12/23/green-oil-scientists-turn-algae-into-petroleum-in-30-minutes/.

[13] B. Thomas, “One-Hour Oil Production,” ICR, January 13, 2014, https://www.icr.org/article/7874/.

[14] Editors, “Instant Petrified Wood,” Physics.org, January 25, 2005, http://phys.org/news/2005-01-petrified-wood-days.html.

[15] Hamilton Hicks, Sodium silicate composition, United States Patent Number 4,612,050, September 16,1986, http://www.google.com/patents/US4612050.

[16] Andrew Snelling, “ ‘Instant’ Petrified Wood,” Creation, vol. 17, no. 4, September 1995, p. 38-40, online September 1, 1995, https://answersingenesis.org/fossils/how-are-fossils-formed/instant-petrified-wood/.

[17] Dr. Andrew Snelling, “Creating Opals,” Creation ex nihilo 17, no. 1, Dec. 1994: 14–17.

[18] Editors, Mount St. Helens Gift Shop Website, http://www.mt-st-helens.com/obsidianite.html, downloaded April 7, 2014; Editors, “How Gemstones Are Formed,” GemSelect, accessed August 18, 2015, http://www.gemselect.com/other-info/gemstone-formation.php.

[19] Synthetic Ruby http://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Synthetic-Ruby.html.

[20] Ben Coxworth, Lab-made fossils cram 1000s of years into 24 hours, New Atlas, July 25, 2018, https://newatlas.com/lab-made-fossils/55619/.

[21] Marilyn Taylor, Descent, Arizona Highways, January, 1993, p. 11.

[22] Emil Silvestru, The Cave Book, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, 2008, p. 46.

[23] Ken Ham and Bodie Hodge, A Flood of Evidence, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, 2016, p. 125.

[24] Bell-ieve It: Rapid Rock Formation Rings True, Creation, vol. 20, no. 2, March 1998: 6, https://answersingenesis.org/geology/catastrophism/bell-ieve-it-rapid-rock-formation-rings-true/.

[25] Renton Maclachlan, “Tarawera’s Night of Terror,” Creation, vol. 18, no. 1, December 1995: 16–19, https://answersingenesis.org/geology/catastrophism/taraweras-night-of-terror/.

[26] John Mackay, “Fossil Bolts and Fossil Hats,” Creation Ex Nihilo, vol. 8, Nov., 1986, p. 10.

[27] M. White, “The Amazing Stone Bears of Yorkshire,” Answers in Genesis, June 1, 2002, http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/cm/v24/n3/stone-bears.

[28] John Morris and Steve Austin, Footprints in the Ash: The Explosive Story of Mount St. Helens, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, 2003.

[29] Guy Berthault, Experiments on Lamination of Sediments, Creation, Vol. 3, No. 1, April, 1998, pp. 25-29, https://answersingenesis.org/geology/sedimentation/experiments-on-lamination-of-sediments/. 

[30] Michael P. Lamb and Mark A. Fonstad, “Rapid Formation of a Modern Bedrock Canyon by a Single Flood Event, Nature Geoscience, June 20, 2010, p. 4, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO894.

[31] John Morris and Steven A. Austin, Footprints in Ash, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, 2003, p. 70-75.

[32] John Morris, “A Canyon in Six Days,” September 1, 2002, https://answersingenesis.org/geology/natural-features/a-canyon-in-six-days/.

[33] Rebecca Gibson, “Canyon Creation,” September, 1, 2000, https://answersingenesis.org/geology/natural-features/canyon-creation/.